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citrus with different characteristics and a different name can be obtained Sex differences in the citrus lemon essential oil-induced increase of hippocampal acetylcholine release in rats exposed to a persistent painful stimulation. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Yip Y.B., Tam A.C.Y. Letizia C.S., Cocchiara J., Lalko J., Api A.M. Fragrance material review on linalool. -Pinene was classified as a category B substance in Germany, meaning it is considered moderately allergenic [196]. Learn more It showed positive effects on the mood, blood pressure, pain, inflammation, bloating, and indigestion in addition to its anti-depressant effects [75]. Chemopreventive effect of orange oil on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by. doterra Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit-yuzu (, Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Does Japanese citrus fruit yuzu (. also used for obtaining Neroli oil fromflowers. It is neither irritating nor sensitizing [167]. doterra invigorating Naganuma M., Hirose S., Nakayama Y., Nakajima K., Someya T. A study of the phototoxicity of lemon oil. Neroli EO has central and peripheral antinociceptive effects which support the ethnomedicinal claims of its use in the management of pain and inflammation [73]. Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. The potent antioxidant effect could be attributed to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. Sakurada T., Mizoguchi H., Kuwahata H., Katsuyama S., Komatsu T., Morrone L.A., Corasaniti M.T., Bagetta G., Sakurada S. Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism. De Pasquale F., Siragusa M., Abbate L., Tusa N., De Pasquale C., Alonzo G. Characterization of five sour orange clones through molecular markers and leaf essential oils analysis. Cosentino M., Luini A., Bombelli R., Corasaniti M.T., Bagetta G., Marino F. The essential oil of bergamot stimulates reactive oxygen species production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The neuroprotective effect of lemon EO is attributed to its remarkable radical-scavenging activity [94,95]. It is not mutagenic or genotoxic. Li Y.L., Yeung C.M., Chiu L.C., Cen Y.Z., Ooi V.E. Pirila V., Siltanen E., Pirila L. On the chemical nature of the eczematogenic agent in oil of turpentine. Pino J.A., Rosado A. Bergamot EO is used as a mild sedative that acts by calming and soothing the nervous system [139]. wellme Inhalation of bergamot EO was reported to increase the release of amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, glycine, and taurine) in rat hippocampuses, both in vivo and in vitro, which suggested that the oil may interfere with exocytosis [165]. Due to their pleasant refreshing smell and rich aroma, Citrus EOs are also used in air-fresheners, household cleaning products, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicines. the primary irritant effect of terpenes. They are an excellent source of vitamins, especially vitamin C. Processing Citrus fruits results in a significant amount of waste (peels, seeds, and pulps), which accounts for 50% of the fruit [3]. In addition, it is a potent antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus durans, E. hirae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexnerii, Streptococcus faecalis, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi [111,113]. The fact that several oils Lemon EO improves creativity and mood, and is thought to affect heart rhythm [97]. Unoxidized d-limonene was allergenic in 0.2% of dermatitis patients when tested at 23% [8]. The term 'oil' Ferhat M.A., Meklati B.Y., Smadja J., Chemat F. An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel. Verzera A., Trozzi A., Stagno dAlcontres I., Mondello L., Dugo G., Sebastiani E. The composition of the volatile fraction of calabrian bergamot essential oil. Mandarin oil is well known for its broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal actions. Chemical compositions of the peel essential oil of, Prez A., Alcala Y., Salem A.Z.M., Alberti A.B. Bagetta G., Morrone L.A., Rombol L., Amantea D., Russo R., Berliocchi L., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Rotiroti D., Corasaniti M.T. Stevi T., Beri T., avikin K., Sokovi M., Goevac D., Dimki I., Stankovi S. Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against fungi isolated from medicinal plant. Lv Y.X., Zhao S.P., Zhang J.Y., Zhang H., Xie Z.H., Cai G.M., Jiang W.H. Bigarade oil is produced from the outer leaves, twigs and small unripe fruit by steam distillation, the method Grapefruit EO was 95% lethal to eggs and larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata [121]. High doses of linalool cause ataxia and narcosis [185]. Han X., Gibson J., Eggett D.L., Parker T.L. When mixed with patchouli oil, grapefruit EO is known to lower cravings and hunger, which makes it a great tool to lose weight in a healthy way [116]. Rombol L., Amantea D., Russo R., Adornetto A., Berliocchi L., Tridico L., Corasaniti M., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Bagetta G., et al. The authors are grateful to dTERRA International (https://www.doterra.com/US/en) for financial support of the APRC. It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. Neroli EO is used as a sedative for its soothing, calming, and motor relaxant effects by healthcare centers in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Mexico, Italy, Martinique, and Spain [55]. The expressed bergamot oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 10% [167]. Camplo L.M., Moura Gonalves F.C., Feitosa C.M., de Freitas R.M. Non-volatile components of some expressed Citrus oils. used because the first essencesproduced by a similar Sweet orange EO in combination with ginger and accompanied by a massage was effective in alleviating moderate to severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong [34]. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. [15,16,17,18,19]. The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of. Kim H.J., Chen F., Wu C., Wang X., Chung H.Y., Jin Z. Effects of grapefruit (. Before Role of d-limonene in autophagy induced by bergamot essential oil in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Ogeturk M., Kose E., Sarsilmaz M., Akpinar B., Kus I., Meydan S. Effects of lemon essential oil aroma on the learning behaviors of rats. In case of applying expressed EOs to the skin in a dose higher than the maximum dermal use level, it is recommended to avoid exposure to sunlight for at least 12 h [8]. Anwar S., Ahmed N., Speciale A., Cimino F., Saija A. Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of essential oil and organic extract from the peel and kernel parts of, Wang Y.W., Zeng W.C., Xu P.Y., Lan Y.J., Zhu R.X., Zhong K., Huang Y.N., Gao H. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (, Md Othman S., Hassan M., Nahar L., Basar N., Jamil S., Sarker S. Essential Oils from the Malaysian. To avoid any possible adverse skin reactions, it is recommended to dilute Citrus oils with a carrier oil before topical use [174]. It possesses minimal toxicity. The oil is used to facilitate wound healing [132]. Bitter orange EO is used as a mild sedative and hypnotic for its soothing, calming, and motor relaxant effects [53]. No positive skin reactions were observed when testing the 97% pure linalool at 20%, or to oxidized linalool tested at 1% in dermatitis and eczema patients [175,181]. Sweet orange EO was reported to inhibit the growth of several bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [40,41,42,43], as well as several fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. verrucosum, and Trichoderma viride [10,44,45]. The new PMC design is here! The acute dermal LD50 was 5.61 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 2.79 g/kg in rats [183] and 2.23.92 g/kg in mice [184]. citrus essential oils beginner complete guide wellme references The acute dermal LD50 of d-limonene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was >5 g/kg in rats [167]. doterra Schlede E., Aberer W., Fuchs T., Gerner I., Lessmann H., Maurer T., Rossbacher R., Stropp G., Wagner E., Kayser D. Chemical substances and contact allergy244 substances ranked according to allergenic potency. The acute dermal LD50 of the mixed isomer terpineol was >3 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 4.3 g/kg in rats [167]. Fragrance raw materials Monographs. part of the peel by cold expression. Fumigant toxicity of. The endothelial component is mediated by the nitric oxide to soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway, while the smooth muscle component involves inhibiting extracellular Ca2+ influx and store-operated Ca2+ release mediated by the ryanodine receptor (RyR) signaling pathway [76]. It could be used in the treatment of dermatophytosis in animals [147]. Niijima A., Nagai K. Effect of Olfactory stimulation with flavor of grapefruit oil and lemon oil on the activity of sympathetic branch in the white adipose tissue of the epididymis. Morrone L.A., Rombol L., Pelle C., Corasaniti M.T., Zappettini S., Paudice P., Bonanno G., Bagetta G. The essential oil of bergamot enhances the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rat: Implication of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Saiyudthong S., Marsden C.A. Mandarin EO was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 5 and 8% [167]. Raw materials range from buds, Furthermore, Citrus EOs are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects [9]. Psychiatry. It displayed a reduction in body weight and food consumption in ketotifen-induced obese mice [106]. citrus This extract also showed hypocholesterolemic effect both in vitro and in vivo by reducing the weight gain, lipid accumulation, liver fat content, liver weight, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol [156]. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of bioflavors. doterra invigorating The genus Citrus (Rutaceae) is one of the ancient, most traded, and most popular crops. Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four. doterra The main components in the essential oil of bitter orange leaf are linalyl acetate and linalool [16], while the flower EO contained linalool as the major component, followed by d-limonene and linalyl acetate [20]. They are not hazardous in pregnancy and do not alter the maternal reproductive outcome [8,166]. Moreover, yuzu peel extract showed anti-obesity effects in a zebrafish model via activating hepatic PPAR- and adipocyte PPAR- pathways [158]. The acute oral LD50 was 4.4 mL/kg in rats and mice [167]. A pilot study performed in the waiting room of a mental health treatment center (Utah, USA) revealed that inhalation of bergamot EO for 15 minutes improves positive feelings [141]. Hata T., Sakaguchi I., Mori M., Ikeda N., Kato Y., Minamino M., Watabe K. Induction of apoptosis by. peel. citrus Essential oil inhalation on blood pressure and salivary cortisol levels in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. Lime EO has insecticidal activity (contact, fumigation, and feeding deterrent activities) against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais [114]. Dugo P., Mondello L., Proteggente A.R., Cavazza A., Dugo G. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bergamot essential oils. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica). Petitgrain oil is extracted from Bergamot EO is widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries [125]. Bergamot EO inhibits the growth of several bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, S. typhimurium, Pseudomonas putida, Arcobacter butzleri, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes [142,143,144]. aromaweb Akhlaghi M., Shabanian G., Rafieian-Kopaei M., Parvin N., Saadat M., Akhlaghi M. Farshbaf-Khalili A., Kamalifard M., Namadian M. Comparison of the effect of lavender and bitter orange on anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. The mechanism underlying its antimicrobial and antifungal effect is thought to be via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, relevant to its action in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes [132]. Placzek M., Frmel W., Eberlein B., Gilbertz K.P., Przybilla B. Moreover, it showed a strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudococcus sp., Salmonella thyphimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Staphylococcus aureus [118,119], and a strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. chrysogenum [118,119,120]. Effects of long-term exposure of lemon essential oil odor on behavioral, hormonal and neuronal parameters in male and female rats. FOIA In: Lawrence B.M., editor. Also, adding an antioxidant to preparations containing Citrus oils is recommended [8]. toxins Komiya M., Takeuchi T., Harada E. Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. d-Limonene was irritating at concentrations of 7080%, a weak irritant at 50%, and a non-irritant at concentrations of 2030%. number of possible combinations each with a different name is 18, all Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of, El-Akhal F., Lalamia A.E.O., Guemmouh R. Larvicidal activity of essential oils of, Galvo J.G., Silva V.F., Ferreira S.G., Frana F.R.M., Santos D.A., Freitas L.S., Alves P.B., Arajo A.A.S., Cavalcanti S.C.H., Nunes R.S. Inhaling lemon EO causes anti-stress effects through modulating the 5-HT and dopamine (DA) activities in mice [88,89]. Chronic skin pigmentation (also known as berloque dermatitis, bergapten dermatitis, or photophytodermatitis) can also develop. Valgimigli L., Gabbanini S., Berlini E., Lucchi E., Beltramini C., Bertarelli Y.L. oils are chemical compounds which contain the flavour and aroma of the Berliocchi L., Ciociaro A., Russo R., Cassiano M.G.V., Blandini F., Rotiroti D., Morrone L.A., Corasaniti M.T. The bright, refreshing scent of grapefruit EO energizes and uplifts the senses. It is also used to suppress the odor of Niboshi soup stock [154]. Citrus EOs are broadly used as natural food additives in several food and beverage products [7] because they have been classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) [8]. Bouhlal K., Meynadier J., Peyron J.L., Meynadier J., Peyron L., Senaux M.S. bliss doterra citrus blend ml essential oil invigorating It is non-toxic, and is very minimally skin reactive [8]. Neroli and yuzu oils are neither irritating nor sensitizing [167]. Due to its antimicrobial effects, bitter orange EO is used for treating colds, dull skin, flu, gums and mouth, and chronic bronchitis, as well as a food preservative [53]. Kuwahata H., Komatsu T., Katsuyama S., Corasaniti M.T., Bagetta G., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Takahama K. Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation.

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