natural gas flow rate units

Unfortunately, this usually is not the case as the most important change between these two definitions is the pressure. context_url: window.location.href, Webb Launches Remote Monitoring System for Fuel Dealers, Elkay Partners with 3M to Provide Filtered Water for 3M Open Attendees, APR Supply Co. President and CEO Scott Weaver Rides to End ALZ, SFPE Forum on Fire Protection Engineering: Challenges in Storage, IAPMO 93rd Annual Education and Business Conference. removal h2s indonesian remote installation field unit production first.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptFallback, first); The comparisons were set up for each of the following:given inlet pressure, given ending pressure, distance in feet, pipe diameter (actual), and pipe interior surface roughness (where considered). Keep in mind that pressures P1and P2are absolute pressures and not gauge pressures. window.BOOMR.snippetMethod = "s"; setCookieIfConversion(token); } else if (window.Checkout && window.Checkout.$) { The Weymouth equation provides conservative values for flow and higher pressure drops than might be experienced in actual practice. iframeLoader(true); When a vacuum is applied to a standard cubic foot of gas, it expands. Worldwide, the "standard" condition for pressure is variously defined as an absolute pressure of 101,325 pascals (Atmospheric pressure), 1.0 bar (i.e., 100,000 pascals), 14.73psia, or 14.696psia and the "standard" temperature is variously defined as 68F, 60F, 0C, 15C, 20C, or 25C. ), ( }; By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our Cookie Policy. (window.gaDevIds=window.gaDevIds||[]).push('BwiEti'); Watch this quick video to see EXACTLY how to calculate the SCFM or SCFH flow rate for a 500,000 BTU/Hr boiler. 32 Although these equations have been used to create a carrying capacity(Qh)in this article, the equations can be used to create a table like NFPA/IFGC for design purposes. } else if (document.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent("onload", boomerangSaveLoadTime); "if" : "i"; Considerations are noise and erosion. } // sendBeacon was not successful if (jquery) { script.type = 'text/javascript'; 4 Selecting the Natural Gas or Methane Mass Flow Meter:1" NPT Natural Gas Flow Meter Thermal Mass Flow. parent = parent || doc.body; } link.addEventListener("load", promote); if (target && (target.getAttribute('action') || target.getAttribute('href'))) { ), ( The basis of the AGA flow equations is an f value that is a function of Reynolds number. The classic equation for Reynold number is: Re= V D /(Equation 2), = dynamic viscosity 7E-06 lbm/ft-sec(0.010392 centipoise). ]; window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib.page(null,{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":1074331657}); win = iframe.contentWindow; standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, ACFM versus SCFM for ASME AG-1 HEPA Filters, SCFM (Standard CFM) vs. ACFM (Actual CFM), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_cubic_feet_per_minute&oldid=1096617906, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 July 2022, at 16:36. iframeStyle.border = 0; This is not the same as pumping a constant mass of air. window.addEventListener("load", boomerangSaveLoadTime, false); Natural Gas Characteristics:Where the equations allowed input, the following was included:Natural Gas Specific Gravity = 0.60. Selecting the Natural Gas or Methane Mass Flow Meter: Thermal Mass Flow Meter User Video Instructions, 1" NPT Natural Gas Flow Meter Thermal Mass Flow. }; window.BOOMR.application = "storefront-renderer"; match[1]: undefined; 11 window.BOOMR.url = To assist in the calculation, when density is broken down to the perfect gas law equation and velocity is broken down as a function of flow and density, and then substituted in the classic Reynolds number equation, the following equation can be derived: Re = 4 Qst29 SgPst/ ( DTst)(Equation 3), Where:Qst= Gas Flow rate at Standard Conditions, 29= molecular weight of air, 28.9647 lb/lbmol (28.9647 g/gmol), Pst= standard gas pressure 14.696 psia (101.325 kPa), = Universal gas constant, 1545.349 lbfft/(lbmolR) [8314.41 J/(kmolK)], Tst= Standardgas temperature, 518.67R (288.15K), (Note:Reynolds number is dimensionless, meaning that all units in the numerator and the denominator must cancel. 5 therms/hr 96.7ft3/therm = 483.5 ft/hr. } } else { doc._boomrl = function() { bootstrap = function(parent, scriptId) { Note:Reynolds Number Range:8.5E+03 to 6.0E+06. window.BOOMR = window.BOOMR || {}; Table 1:For 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 1.0 psig (6.9 kPa-g) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes -inch (DN-15) to 6-inch (DN-150). } var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); })(); How To Calculate CFM or CFH from BTU per Hr for a Thermal Mass Flow Meter. When positive pressure is applied to a standard cubic foot of gas, it is compressed. if (window.BOOMR && (window.BOOMR.version || window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted)) { In the United States, the standard temperature is most commonly defined as 60F or 70F, but again, not always. }; The straight forward capacity factor for gas is(0.65/0.60)^0.5; this equates to1.04(and approximately1.06whenfis considered). All Rights Reserved. }; (1)Considerations About Equations for Steady State Flow in Natural Gas Pipelinesby Paulo M. Coelho and Carlos Pinho in the Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, July-September, 2007;(2)Crane Technical Paper 410, 2018; (3) Chapter 22 of ASTM MNL 58Petroleum Refining and Natural Gas Processing, 2013, concerningTransportation of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Petroleum Products. return Monorail.sendRequest("https://" + monorailDomain + "/v1/produce", JSON.stringify(event)); script.src = 'https://cdn.shopify.com/s/trekkie.storefront.c8a4b74b81390ab4b5fd7522cfda0ce4acf129c5.min.js'; link.rel = "preload"; iframeStyle.width = 0; This has been reviewed in some detail in the ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook Volume 3, Chapter 11, that will be published in the Spring 2020. } else if (win.attachEvent) { app_name: "storefront", addListener(document.links[i], 'click', decorate); ForFully Turbulentflow (for higher flow rates): Qh= D2.5* 469.2 * Tb/Pb* [ (P12-P22) / ( Sg*T * Z * L ) ]0.5* log10( 3.7 * D / )(Equation 13). if (!promoted) { doc = win.document.open(); return; In order to come to some conclusions as to the validity of each of the alternate equations discussed below, a program was set up in Excel and in Visual Basic to calculate the value of f to 5 significant digits, for each flow point, and then solve for flow based on available pressure drop using the equations outlined above (via Darcy-Weisbach formula). iframeStyle.display = "none"; } window.ShopifyAnalytics.lib = window.trekkie; var jquery = null; if (element.addEventListener) { if (window.jQuery) { BOOMR_lstart = new Date().getTime(); loaded = true; }; (c) The American CAGI (Compressed Air and Gas Institute) uses 14.5 PSIA and 68 degrees Fahrenheit (527.67 degrees Rankine) as their standard conditions for calculating gas volume flow rates. Most of the alternate gas flow equations predate the availability of present-day computers. return trekkie; document.cookie = '_shopify_ga=' + linkerParam + '; ' + 'path=/'; event = event || window.event; As a result, these equations are not recommended for typical plumbing applications where higher pressures might be used. iframeLoader(false); Table 4:For 20.0 psig (137.9 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes -inch (DN-15) to 6-inch (DN-150). var href = document.links[i].getAttribute('href'); } We Provide Tools and Basic Information for Learning Process Instrumentation and Control Engineering. } }); Pressure ranges:2 psig inlet with 1 psig drop, 3 psig with a 2 psig drop, 5 psig with a 3.5 psig drop, 20 psig with a 2.0 psig drop; and 40 psig with a 4 psig drop. return; The North American Combustion Handbook (3rdEdition 1986) places the specific gravity of natural gas between 0.59 and 0.64. A maximum gas velocity of 100 feet per second (30.5 meters per second) to minimize noise and erosion. } }; The Spitzglass-High Pressure equation is even more conservative than the Weymouth equation. Here, ACFM means actual cubic foot per minute which is the volume of the gas at the flowing conditions. ACFM and SCFM. function iframeLoader(wasFallback) { ); window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics = function() { This post intends to increase your understanding of volumetric flow rates in liquid and especially gas flow measurements. return function() { window.BOOMR_onload = (e && e.timeStamp) || new Date().getTime(); {"Trekkie":{"appName":"storefront","development":false,"defaultAttributes":{"shopId":15714565,"isMerchantRequest":null,"themeId":151568585,"themeCityHash":"60531518256165055","contentLanguage":"en","currency":"USD"},"isServerSideCookieWritingEnabled":true},"Google Analytics":{"trackingId":"UA-106835803-1","domain":"auto","siteSpeedSampleRate":"10","enhancedEcommerce":true,"doubleClick":true,"includeSearch":true},"Facebook Pixel":{"pixelIds":["2190101541151852"],"agent":"plshopify1.2"},"Google Gtag Pixel":{"conversionId":"0","eventLabels":[{"type":"page_view","action_label":"AW-795007018\/frY8CMDQuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"purchase","action_label":"AW-795007018\/C61VCMPQuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"view_item","action_label":"AW-795007018\/eVELCOrTuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"add_to_cart","action_label":"AW-795007018\/cgvPCO3TuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"begin_checkout","action_label":"AW-795007018\/kSK9CPDTuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"search","action_label":"AW-795007018\/Afm6CPPTuIcBEKqwi_sC"},{"type":"add_payment_info","action_label":"AW-795007018\/f5RzCPbTuIcBEKqwi_sC"}],"targetCountry":"US"},"Session Attribution":{},"S2S":{"emitV4CheckoutEvent":true,"facebookCapiEnabled":true,"facebookAppPixelId":"2190101541151852","source":"trekkie-storefront-renderer"}} 2 e.detail.BOOMR.init({ iframeStyle = (iframe.frameElement || iframe).style; var dom, bootstrap, iframe, iframeStyle; iframe.src = "javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='" + dom + "';void(0);"; }); This means that, provided the fan speed remains constant, a centrifugal fan will pump a constant volume of air. Note:Reynolds Number Range:4.2E+04 to 1.0E+07. link.addEventListener("error", function() { Suppose the gas is allowed to expand to standard conditions and we now want to determine the volume of the gas, VS, at this condition of pressure PS and temperature TS . ), ( var meta = {"page":{"pageType":"page","resourceType":"page","resourceId":1074331657}}; The most common unit for measuring natural gas is the therm. if (!e) e=event; 'trackLink' var originalDocumentWrite = document.write; } catch (e) { Note:the Reynolds Number was created for each range of values so the reader can look at the portion of the Moody Diagram where these flows exist. iframe.title = ""; var script = document.createElement("script"); var eventsListenerScript = document.createElement('script'); So, there are no standardized tables for higher pressure conditions that exceed pressures outlined in NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code and the ICC International Fuel Gas Code. (3) If the calculated pressure drop (P1P2) is greater than about 40% of the inlet pressureP1, then different high pressure drop formulas are provided. var linkerParam = tracker.get('linkerParam'); } 6 try { } catch (e) { window.BOOMR.snippetMethod = "p"; parentNode.appendChild(iframe); This was because the tables in NFPA 54 and the IFGC are all based on0.6specific gravity. }; xhr.send(payload); scriptFallback.async = true; producer_url: "https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", }, Natural Gas Viscosity = 7E-06 lbm/ft-sec or 0.010392 centipoise. ResourceTiming: { var parentNode = where.parentNode; var loaded = false; (function () { (function () { script.src = window.BOOMR.url; for (var attr in meta) { All computations performed used0.6as the specific gravity. document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(eventsListenerScript); var match = window.location.pathname.match(/checkouts\/(.+)\/(thank_you|post_purchase)/) 'ready', Note:Reynolds Number Range:1.6E+04 to 1.2E+07. A therm's worth of natural gas contains 96.7 cubic feet/therm, or about100 cubic feet/therm. element.addEventListener(type, callback); if (promoted) { NFPA/IFGC Low pressure equation (for 1.5 psig and higher): Qh= (D * { 18.93 * [ (P12-P22) * Y / ( Cr * L ) ]0.206} )(1/0.381)(Equation 7), Where:Y= 0.9992 for natural gas, Qh= ( 2826 * D2.725) / Sg0.425* [ (P12-P22) / L ) ]0.575(Equation 8), Qh= ( 2034 * D2.667) / Sg0.5* [ (P12-P22) / L ) ]0.5(Equation 9), Qh= ( 2679 * D2.667) / Sg0.444* [ (P12-P22) / L ]0.555(Equation 10), Qh= ( 3410 / Sg0.5) * [ (P12-P22) / L ) ]0.5* [ D5/ ( 1 + 3.6 / D + 0.03 * D ) ]0.5(Equation 11). parent.appendChild(script); } script.src = window.BOOMR.url; Powered by, ( SCF and ACF for an ideal gas are related in accordance with the combined gas law:[1][2][3], Defining standard conditions by the subscript 1 and actual conditions by the subscript 2, then:[1][2][4]. The AGA equations in the AGA Plastic Pipe Manual provide very comparable values with the AGA equations using the Darcy Equation and the Colebrook-White formula forf. var script = doc.createElement("script"); event_sent_at_ms: currentMs var action = document.forms[i].getAttribute('action'); eventsListenerScript.async = true; For lower pressure piping, the values in the NFPA/IFGC tables were also compared. There are different standard conditions for temperature and pressure, so care is taken when choosing a particular standard value. link.href = window.BOOMR.url; document.cookie = 'loggedConversion=' + token + '; expires=' + twoMonthsFromNow; if (document.addEventListener) { Furthermore, there is no standard for what the inlet pressure to these pipes might be and what the expected pressure drops might be. There are three flow regimes that are encountered in gas pipes:Laminar Flow, Partially Turbulent Flow, and Fully Turbulent Flow. These texts all indicate that the Darcy-Weisbach equation appears to be the most accurate method for determining pressure drop, but this method was avoided because of the difficulty of determining the value forf(friction coefficient). The equations can then be rearranged to create a pressure drop calculation, which the engineer can use to backcheck the analysis. Table 6:For 20.0 psig (137.9 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) drop, using SDR 11 PE pipe, sizes 3/4 inch (DN-20) to 6-inch (DN-150). var script = document.createElement('script'); if(href && href.indexOf('/checkout') >= 0) { if (e.propertyName === "onBoomerangLoaded") { } }; script.onerror = function(e) { }); iframeLoader(true); 'identify', ), ( element.attachEvent('on' + type, callback); As a result, if the natural gas system designer wants to deliver natural gas at over 5 psig, he/she could prepare his/her own tables similar to those in NFPA 54 but based on the higher pressure and higher pressure drops. function addListener(element, type, callback) { jquery = window.jQuery; To introduce the compressibility factor to the equation divide ACF by "Z". iframe.src = "about:blank"; } for (var i=0; i < document.forms.length; i++) { scriptFallback.onerror = function(error) { 9 if (!hasLoggedConversion(token)) { e.detail.BOOMR.t_end = new Date().getTime(); var token = match? } }); producer_url: "https://monorail-edge.shopifysvc.com/v1/produce", Note:Reynolds Number Range:1.5E+04 to 4.6E+06. ResourceTiming: { window.ShopifyAnalytics.meta.currency = 'USD'; }); if (dom) { This analysis is for new clean pipe. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience. }, LOADER_TIMEOUT); } sendRequest: function sendRequest(endpointUrl, payload) { var LOADER_TIMEOUT = 3000; Table 7:For 40.0 psig (275.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 4.0 psig (27.6 kPa-g) drop, using Schedule 40 steel pipe, sizes -inch (DN-15) to 6-inch (DN-150). } if (loaded) return; Table 5:For 20.0 psig (137.9 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 2.0 psig (13.8 kPa-g) drop, using SDR 13.5 PE pipe, sizes 1 inch (DN-25) to 6-inch (DN-150). For all of the following equations,Qhis flow in SCFH,P1is the inlet pressure,P2is the outlet pressure,Dis the pipe inside diameter in inches, Sg is the specific gravity, andLis the length of the pipe segment in feet. try { window.ShopifyAnalytics.merchantGoogleAnalytics.call(this); } catch(error) {}; 22 A therm is 100,000 British Thermal Units (BTUs), a quantity of energy, and it is also equal to 29.3 kilowatt-hours or 105.5 mega-joules. var link = document.createElement("link"); ga('require', 'linker'); xhr.open('POST', endpointUrl); Note:Reynolds Number Range:8.8E+03 to 6.3E+06. trackedResourceTypes: ["script", "img", "css"] } The reader will need to use his/her reference material to provide the needed correction factors.). Table 9:For 40.0 psig (275.8 kPa-g) inlet pressure and 4.0 psig (27.6 kPa-g) drop, using SDR 11 PE pipe, sizes 3/4 inch (DN-20) to 6-inch (DN-150). doc.close(); Subscribe to our newsletters & stay updated, Flow Equations For Low Pressure Natural Gas, Using Pressure Regulators for Site Distribution in Natural Gas Pipelines, Natural Gas Pipeline Systems On Site Distribution, F.W. This is only valid when at a pressure and temperature close to standard conditions. source_url: "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/trekkie.storefront.c8a4b74b81390ab4b5fd7522cfda0ce4acf129c5.min.js"}); In countries using the SI metric system of units, the term "normal cubic metre" (Nm3) is very often used to denote gas volumes at some normalized or standard condition. for (var i = 0; i < trekkie.methods.length; i++) { Distances:10 feet (3 meters) to 2,000 feet (610 meters) in increments similar to NFPA 54 and IFGC. return true; } scriptFallback.src = 'https://cdn.shopify.com/s/trekkie.storefront.c8a4b74b81390ab4b5fd7522cfda0ce4acf129c5.min.js'; payload: payload, } Once a set of results was collected for each alternate equation, the total package of results was compared to the Darcy answers by dividing the alternate results by the Darcy answers; one-by-one. } // XHR beacon }, ga(function (tracker) { PE as well as steel piping were considered for 20 psig gas and 40 psig gas. else if (element.attachEvent) { An alternate would be to break the length of pipe into several segments that meet the conditions above using the outlet pressure of segment1as the inlet pressure to segment2, and so forth.

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