Start the engine and listen for leaks in several locations around the engine bay. How much vacuum are you guys seeing at idle? It is definitely not a stock cam. I was looking at a Comp Cams, but I let him run with it. Turn the idle adjustment screw(s) out all the way and then turn it/them in until the engine begins to stumble and back off a quarter turn. Just shoot for the highest at idle. To me that 'no less than 1 turn out' is simply a guideline. Do the idle mixture screws effect the engine? What vacuum reading is okay with a lumpy cam? As I did some serious homework Its so valuable, in fact, that OnAllCylinders contributor Lori Sams put together thisvisual cheat sheet to help youunderstand common gauge readings. 1 3/4 tube headers I ran vacuum advance on the old crane electronic distributor. Required fields are marked *. I have a 350 built by a speed shop that is supposed to have a Competition Cams 270 Magnum (224 at 050 lift) in it. I tried connecting to manifold once and it was terrible. 408 ci Gordon Levy motor with his T5 trans and independent 3.55 rear. Also check your pcv. Manage Preferences - Advertising - - Toyota Nation Forum : Toyota Car and Truck Forums, 85 300 not running right - Page 2 - Ford Bronco Forum, Mailbag: Tracking Down Common Causes of Sluggish Engine Response - OnAllCylinders. You likely have a restriction somewhere within your exhaust system or a damage exhaust component. Once on the throttle 11 to 12 A/F, I am generally too rich. Terms of Service - When the needle drops to a low reading, returns to normal, and then repeats the pattern at regularintervals, youre likely looking at a burnt, sticking, or leaking valve. For comparison, 496 stroker w 230/236 duration at .050, .541 lift hydraulic roller, at 14 initial and 900 rpm, 12 inHg. The aluminum Trick Flow 2.02 heads needed work and a couple springs that were weak. Not a good cam to start with, especially with only 9-1 compression. hello, sorry for my writing I am French, I have a pontiac firebird 2.8l manual transmission of 1988 and on my vacuum gauge I read 16 hg with the occasion very slight increase to 16.5 hg and after having all check all the ignition it turns out that all works well and with the good advance besides if I try to advance the ignition i have a misfire can someone have an idea? To confirm, youll need to perform a compression test. Its a 383 with a Holley 770 Street Avenger. Like in a race car with a high lift, high duration cam, vacuum does suffer. Hot Plugs Extra-Long for aluminum heads I knew without a doubt my valve timing was right, I changed the plugs just because there was no where left to go and it worked. This is pretty much the accepted method of tuning a carburetor; however, it will only get you in the ballpark. Since its hopefully a fine instrument, treat it properly. Weve seen this topic covered before, but itsinformation worth repeating, keepingand even bookmarking. I know on my setup if it is too fat at idle and i lean it out, the map sensor will start showing more engine vacuum where the engine actually wants to idle with less fuel. I did notice however that I have a film of oil in the intake plenum and runners. You do get more advance at idle, but your total advance with the engine at say 2500+ RPM is unchanged as the vacuum advance is no longer in play. Thinking of adding power with a new combination? Or the valve train being Thanks for that great information Tedster! Begin your engine check-up by making a thorough preliminary inspection. The vacuum gauge pulses from about 6inHg to 14inHg at an idle of 750rpm in gear. There is no real number to shoot for. Dad and BJ, more so BJ, taught me early on that a vacuum gauge can tell you almost everything you need to know about your engines health as long as you know how to interpret what youre seeing on the gauge, hearing and feeling. March 19, 2019 Rings do not push oil back into the intake. But you didnt say how far the needle is travelling with each sweep. ). :cheers: The following errors occurred with your submission, CorvetteForum - Chevrolet Corvette Forum Discussion, V8 Technical Info, Internal Engine, External Engine, Basic Tech and Maintenance for the C3 Corvette. Come join the discussion about performance, racing, conversions, modifications, troubleshooting and drivetrain. A forum community dedicated to Ford Mustang owners and enthusiasts. Please tell me if thats the proper With 10* static timing, 900 rpm idle, the idle mix screws set at 3/4 (best idle quality) gives me a 13-14 vacuum with an air fuel ratio of 13.5 to 1. While my cam is no race cam, I do wonder whether the slightly higher lift/duration in an "RV" cam can lower the vacuum reading a bit. It barely What does a rapid fluctuation at 16-17 in of one inch with a erratic barely visible flick down to 14 inches mean in a four cylinder ecotec 2.2 l engine? The timing comment 66Satellite47 made was about installed cam timing, not ignition timing. An extremely low reading could also indicate an air leak at the intake manifold or throttle body. Once you find it, that can be used to figure out the proper power valve. Bearing this in mind do you still believe I must have a valve timing issue?Regards. Try timing it higher. I have a 1970 chevy 250 6 cylinder, at idle I get a quickly vibrating needle between 12 and 15 inches, whats wrong? With a big cam you can uncover the transfer slots and start drawing fuel from the main circuit rather than idle circuit. Privacy Statement - Gonna see if I can't get the vacuum up some. However, don't disengage your ears. Nothing left to check? Its high idleling and it has a code p0300 which is random misfire where should i start. At 20 initial and 900 rpm 14 inHg. and vacuum circuit, HELP! 2500-2700 stall converter. Regards - Randy
Racecar & HotRod Fab/Support
1933 Ford Tudor StreetRod
2017 Ford Raptor / 2015 Jeep Rubicon Unlimited. For good power brakes you will need at least 14 to 16 of vacuum. Pull the vacuum hose after the PCV valve and see if it is coated with oil too. What cam are you running? My mechanic tells me that during all our wasted hours hands on the vacumn out if kilter. wat kan daar de oorzaak van zijn. However my vacuum is 21 inches when idling at 1200 rpm. HEI Distributor Run with a breather to atmosphere on one side and hose to the air cleaner on the other. I was curious as to whether the oil in the intake could be due to an intake gasket leak in the lifter valley or could this be blowby around the pistons because the rings haven't seated yet? Terms of Service - Very interesting to a Chevrolet fanatic that probably could assemble Keep it in the case it came in if possible. About Us - I rebuilt my motor (390 using original pistons w/ new rings, bearings, etc.) you probally know it already ,if you have power brakes . Make sure you have the timing set correctly before doing any carb adjusting. If thats 4 degrees late your vacuum wont be as good as you might otherwise expect. If none of these areas are the culprit, you may need to adjust your idle mixture. resivor can. You can also expect the readings to be lower for more aggressive cams. I've only played with EFI engines, but that has a huge effect on how much vacuum you can draw. Bouncing could be indicative of another problem. Is 1200 rpm to high to get a good vacuum reading ? How much vacuum you get is mostly dependent on your cam. Repeat on the other side if required. Time it with the Vacuum Gauge. Can't say I've noticed too much difference in engine vacuum warmed up or cold. Remember though, a solid cam seems milder at idle than a hydrolic of the same duration @ .050 due to the lash. A little low on the scale but good..(a steady reading). I said that I did a compression test and that all is at the right. Just a good torque cam. It is not the giver of life that destroys human life. Also, check your distributor cap and wires. The runner just makes for a bit more needle shake. Something like a plugged cat or muffler is usually the culprit here. Instead they live as they please and finally are forced to depart this life., The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo, My detailed instructions for adding ABS to a Fox width rear axle FFR, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7cBpeIW286xO3U4l4RtVMQ, http://www.youtube.com/user/joeembery#p/u, http://s207.photobucket.com/user/JoeE13/library/FFR Cobra?sort=6&page=1, http://outintheshop.com/faq/Vac Adv Spec.pdf, VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. If your vacuum readings aren't steady when cold or hot I would suggest checking for vacuum leaks.starting with the carb's base, throttle plates, look for any brittle or missing rubber plugs on the carb, vacuum tree and brake booster line and swivel. I have the solid roller version of the XE274 cam (236 @ .050) and am getting a solid 14" of vacuum at a 750 RPM idle. Has mild rv cam. Hallo John. Timing is the biggest factor. What will happen is that the tip-in of throttle will be less responsive because now you'll need to re-tune the accelerator pump timing / shooter size. 324/318 intake exhaust, Wow that is big, I guess I should have said "aftermarket" instead of large lol thanks though. Finally after hours of trial & error it started with the carb unplugged While its tough to diagnose remotely, in my experience, any rapid vibration will likely mean some sort of valvetrain issue: valve guides, springs, seat, etc. adjustment carburetor Trailer Towing, Other; Brakes, Electrical, Hitches, Weight Distribution & CDL Discussion, Pre-Power Stroke Diesel (7.3L IDI & 6.9L), Bio-diesel, Propane & Alternative Diesel Engine Fuels, Explorer, Sport Trac, Mountaineer & Aviator, 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1980 - 1986 Bullnose F100, F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1973 - 1979 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1961 - 1966 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1957 - 1960 F100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1948 - 1956 F1, F100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1968-Present E-Series Van/Cutaway/Chassis, Nite, Nascar & Other Limited Edition Ford Trucks, Supercharger, Turbocharger, Nitrous Oxide & Water/Methanol Injection, Small Block V8 (221, 260, 289, 5.0/302, 5.8/351W), Big Block V8 - 385 Series (6.1/370, 7.0/429, 7.5/460), FE & FT Big Block V8 (332, 352, 360, 390, 406, 410, 427, 428), 335 Series- 5.8/351M, 6.6/400, 351 Cleveland, Y-Block V8 (239, 272, 292, 312, 317, 341, 368), Audio & Video Systems, Navigation, Satellite Radio & Mobile Electronics, Bed Covers, Tonneau covers, Toppers/Canopies & Bed liners, Brakes, Steering, Suspension, Tires, & Wheels, Clutch, Transmission, Differential, Axle & Transfer Case, Fuel Injection, Carburetion & Fuel System, Vendor Specials, Discounts, Product Announcements & Group Buys, https://www.classiccarrestorationcluoubleshooting/. This cam sounds like a racecar to most people but I street drive it all the time, and to the track and back. The key is understanding what your gauge is trying to tell you. http://www.onallcylinders.com/2015/0gine-problems/ [], Excellent information, more complete that what came with my vacuum gage. Copyright 1995-2021 The Jalopy Journal: Steal our stuff, we'll kick your teeth in. The question of the vacuum in the runner is not really the same as a multi-carb motorcycle with individual runners - those do have to be synced and can have different vacuum based on each carb opening. A couple of years later I realized that I got 20 deg of advance at full vacuum. Just curious for those of you who run vacuum gauges on your trucks, what readings do you typically get? With exhaust restriction, the vacuum gauge will often start in the normal range but will soon drop drastically as rpm is increased. Solved. You can have any bigger cam ground to diffrent lobe center to get more vaccum at idle. Check all vacuum lines and fittings for cracks or breaks. Check your spark plug gap as this condition often indicates too narrow of a gap. If you are running a PCV, eliminate it. The following errors occurred with your submission. But you can go probably a full turn richer and not notice a change. Steve,you are correct the idle vac will come down some when he reduces the idle speed but a 650 rpm idle is for auto trans in gear/not when in paryk where ot would idle higher & many manual trans setups idle in the 750-800+ rpm range. Thanks, that's why I was askingthe smaller the engine, the 'bigger' a given cam will behave. Put these three pieces of information together and youll know if youre looking at an easy fix or a complete engine rebuild. Unfortunately, I do not know the timing of the installed cam - it was in the engine when I got the car. Your email address will not be published. A good source for many is the vacuum line going to the transmission. I sure I couldnt It seems when I had my old cam in the truck, I remember getting vacuum of closer to 18/19. [], [] still should have a very steady vacuum reading. I run a Q/F 650 mechanical and my set screws are about 3/4 out. I always read about how a big cam will give you lower vacuum numbers at idle. Check the simple (inexpensive) things first like your pcv and breather to ensure they're not pulling oil before you suspect a port leak in the lifter valley. Advertising - Common causes of steady low reading are blowby due to worn piston rings or possibly late ignition or valve timing. There is no oil/coolant mixing that I can see. A stock cam has will probably give higher readings. Test vacuum connections to make sure theyre tight. Archive - Turn very slowly and stop turning as soon as vacuum stop climbing or drops, then repeat the process on the other side if required. The most I've seen in a big solid cam is 17". I just lowered the idle as far down as I could get it without stalling. That's the problem right there. General Engine, How-To and Tech Tips, News, Tech I need an opinion from all you pros out there! BJ was probably the best mechanic Ive ever known. David Fuller is OnAllCylinders' managing editor. Thanks When people talk about how much vacuum they have at idle, does the rpm you idle at matter ? I got a tooth 2000 Saturn LS1 its a 4-cylinder a four-door car Im having an issue of when I cut off it dont want to take his gas let you floor it the Lacs power and Im trying to figure it out but the codes I know you dont have no engine codes on it Ill check the fuel pressure and its good and Im just wondering maybe Ill vow timing or maybe the timing chain is loose and that really give me the power I need on the vacuum I need to run a motor out of a Slave candy ideas get back with me thank you, Your email address will not be published. I bought the vette with that Cam" That is the 1st thing I will be pulling out next winter. Read our Privacy Policy for more info. [] if(typeof(cachebuster) == "undefined"){var cachebuster = Math.floor(Math.random()*10000000000)} if(typeof(dcopt) == "undefined"){var dcopt = "dcopt=ist;"} else {var dcopt = ""} if(typeof(tile) == "undefined"){var tile = 1} else {tile++} document.write(''); Had this in my email so I guess I will post here since it was brought up a bit here. Scott, we are mostly in agreement here. Take a look at the following video right around the 13.20 min mark you will see them. Vacuum decreases slowly when the pedal is put to the floor. Anyway good luck with your set-up. We discuss MK4, GTM, 818, Type 65 coupe, roadsters, and more! on carbs, heads, manifolds, headers & exhaust. Mother thumper cam Don't see another board for your problem? Increasing the idle speed to 1000 gives another 1" and decreasing it to 800 drops another 1". A vacuum leak will suck the carb cleaner into the engine and cause the RPM to fluctuate rapidly. You ought to be pig rich in gear at idle and Everytime you mildly take off. Nice work thanks, I recently spent a lot of time with a vacuum gauge while attempting yo sort the idle mixture on my 65 Olds 330 V8 engine.Of over 100 mixture adjustments the median vacuum was between 10 and 11 Hg but I dont think my engine has a valve timing problem as suggested in the article.These small blocks, like other Olds engines are known for low vacuum and my engine also has a aftermarket high lift cam so I am not concerned about these numbers.Besides the engine runs great! The needle on my vac gauge moves about an inch or two until you are accelerating then it is smooth, on decal and light acceleration I see about 12". Conversely, if the gauges needle swings back and forth as the engine accelerates, your valve springs are probably too week for your engine. A full-blooded Native American Indian, hed often climb up after me into an engine bay (he was only five feet tall) to do stuff and explain what he was doing and why he was doing it. You are using an out of date browser. Look for the highest reading without going past that. Archive - You are a wealth of knowledge. Contact Us - JavaScript is disabled. I have a vacuum gauge and A/F meter in my dash so I see these readings all the time. Thats the number of crankshaft degrees past TDC that the intake reaches max lift. Weve put together this quick-guide to reading your vacuum gauge to help you identify potential mechanical or tuning issues more quickly. I believe the original owner of the truck had the engine rebuilt at one point, but, I don't know if he switched the original cam out or not. I have been watching a lot of videos on the same thing if you take a white marker and Mark your distributor and the bottom of the distributor losing the distributor and turn it just a little bit and see if that makes a difference and if it idles up high you might have to idle it down with the idle screw but if it does not do anything you marked it so you can put it back exactly where it was but I bet it works out you should be around 17 or 18 20 is a little too high for a 350 Chevy I have even saw them as low as 15 with aftermarket cam, [] Weve said it before, but an engine vacuum gauge is an extremely valuable tool. A forum community dedicated to Chevrolet Chevelle owners and enthusiasts. We recently went through a 383 stoker with only 8,000 miles on it We found a couple of cam lobs going flat. Pop the hood and look over the engine compartment with the proverbial fine-tooth comb. Advertising - I have adjusted the mix screws as best as possible. ", I just went through the same hell. One thing I would add to that is to make sure how much extra timing you get w/ your vac advance. Then I learned how to adjust that on my Mallory dist. Mike's love of cars began in the early 1970's when his father started taking him to his Chevron service station. I have the compcam XE274 camshaft in my 383 and am in the process of tuning the engine. You can lean the idle fuel mixture to the point of engine stumble without causing any damage. with NO vacumn hooked to carb and the carb port was plugged. Anyway, I will play around with it and report back if I can get it closer to 18-20. Is your car making a strange sound or won't start? Do Not Sell My Personal Information -, By logging into your account, you agree to our. It needs to read up to 30 inches of mercury (In/Hg) of vacuum. 408 CI motor, 10.5:1 CR, 750 carb, 1 3/4 headers. Do Not Sell My Personal Information -, By logging into your account, you agree to our. The first chance I get, maybe tomorrow, I am going to play around with the carb idle screw settings, and timing. Privacy Statement - As mentioned the 17-22 degree reading is normal for stock cammed engines. Often, a sticking valve will cause more sporadic drops during this pattern. The gauge at left shows an extremely low reading, which holds fairly steady. Terms of Service - If the needle drops quickly and returns to a normal reading, a burnt or sticky valve is indicated. Same idle, different initial timing. Do Not Sell My Personal Information -, By logging into your account, you agree to our. If you notice the needle slowly fluctuating between four or five inches, chances are you have an ignition-related issue. I agree to receive emails from the site. A very helpful piece of information. Years ago, my fathers main mechanic at the Chevron station, Billy Jeff BJ gave me a vacuum gauge as a birthday present. Small twitches could also point to some sort of ignition system problem. Can you verify your efforts with another vac gauge? So here is what I have: It depends on a few things. Hoppas det hr hjlper. Mine is quickly vibrating between 5 & 10 at idle. Make sure any ports or fittings that are supposed to be plugged are plugged properly. If the engine builder used a silicon rtv sealer with your Felpro intake gaskets then you will almost always have oil leakes in your intake valley. Cookie Policy - I like to spray carb cleaner around the base of the carburetor and intake manifold as well as all the vacuum lines, check valves and connections. Fix anything you find here. Conversely, a choked or restricted air cleaner would result in a higher than normal reading, depending on how hard the engine works to pull in air. Thanks Tedster! what is wrong with it? Actually, you can lean it to the point where the engine will not idle for long or at all and you won't damage anything. 800-900 RPM and I still have 18-20 lbs of vacuum. Carb adjustments next. Steady vacuum is good. Very interesting,happy to know Im not running to lean,tried using the vac. I thought that stock motors got 21-22 inches at idle and anything with a bigger cam would have less vacuum. FFR4373RD MK3, nondonor, DIY options/mods/paint, Lexus indigo/Viper silver, Hydroboost PS&PB/discs/ABS, AC/heat, 3-link/Konis, FMS302E, Holley 600DP/Airgap, 4X4 exhaust, Halibrand deep lip chrome CobraIII, TeamIII spinners, rollbars: chrome full & single. I would say that you are not too lean. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. So I can test the vehicle driving as my customer does, I get some neighborhood, city and highway driving during my 30 minute run. I hate to ponder pulling our fresh install to change out the you'll need to run vac. Very informative. My machine shop guy really likes Howard's Cams, and that is what he wanted to put in. He's done pretty much everything in the automotive aftermarket from gas station island attendant, parts counter, mechanic, and new and used sales. The following errors occurred with your submission, 1967 - 1972 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, Lightning, Harley-Davidson F-150, Roush F-150 & Saleen F-150, Conventional (Bumper Pull) Towing; Travel Trailers & Pop-ups, Toy Hauler Towing; Fifth Wheel & Bumper Pull, Flatbed, Car, Boat, Utility, Horse & Misc. You can hook a tee-fitting into an existing vacuum source or pull a line, such as one that leads to your transmission. Now perform the wiggle test. Before you rip the intake off, the oil could be coming throught the PCV system. The cool thing about using a vacuum gauge to diagnose engine problems is that different engine problems show themselves by vacuum readings in different ranges. Slow it down as far as it will go and run smoothly and see what you have. How fast the needle vibrates is telling of how many valve guides may be worn. Low quality gauges can leak internally and give unreliable readings. With the engine running, wiggle the vacuum connections and jiggle the lines while listening for the hiss or changes in the engine that vacuum leaks cause. The engine seems really cold blooded, and takes its sweet time to warm up. I think you may be using idle speeds that are a touch too high and I am using a simplified model appropriate to a MT and not an auto. Opening the idle screws more does not effect vacuum or quality but AF goes richer at 12:1. Next, go for a test drive. The needle continues to pulse up to through 3000rpm but the needle jump shortens up just a little. Also cam installed timing will change that. I agree to receive emails from RacingJunk.com. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. When you are at the lean best idle, a 1/8th turn leaner makes a very noticeable difference in the engine. Scott, FFR #3870 MK II, Spectra Blue/Arctic White, 1974 414W, 10:1, Eagle 4340 crank and rods, KB Pistons, Ported Performer RPM 2.02 heads & intake, QFT SS-650, Comp XR282HR, Quality Roadsters pan, Crane ignition, TKO600, 3.55 gears, 3 link, SA QA1's, Breeze LCA's, Heim joints & VPM F/R bars, Power steering with Hiedts valve, Power brakes, Fortes bump steer kit, 5 bolt axels, SSBC rear brakes, Oil cooler, Pusher fans, Halibrand Cobra III's with Nitto NT555 G2 245/285/17, Thanks Scott,that is a great video,my HR680 is brand new,(1600 mi.). I'd []. Carb tuning is part art and part science. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo, VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. What does that represent? It is the receivers of life who do not live in the rational, honest way called for by the creator's behavioral law. I have been tracking down another couple potential reasons for my relatively low vacuum. I havnt drove the pick up yet, waiting for the registration to come through. Thanks Tedster! Solid roller lunati 51019 with a 1.7 shaft mount rocker setup, put cam at about 256/264 @.050, .650" lift. Watch the timing with your timing light as you increase engine speed and you'll see it in action. If your valve covers don't have baffels in them like the stock one did, it is common for oil to get spashed into the PCV valve. advance,didnt work for me,lots, Found my problem,long story short,took a long drive That mix. Terms of Service. To get started youll need to hook your vacuum gauge to an intake manifold vacuum source. The ballast wire drops the voltage down, but the reason for that is to reduce the current that flows through the primary ignition circuit. Come join the discussion about restorations, builds, performance, modifications, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, and more! Once youre engine is up to operating temperature, you can begin reading your vacuum gauge. Is this normal for a cam with an intake duration of 230 degrees and a lift of .48 inches? I plan on adding a Chevrolet Vacumn Canister and a vacumn pressure pump Releasing the accelerator quickly after a few seconds should cause vacuum to quickly bounce back up to above normal (usually around 25 in/Hg) then quickly return to normal (17-21 /Hg) as engine RPM slowly returns to idle. Mike Aguilar 383 CI 4-bolt mains I have a rapid fuctuattion between 14 and 15. Could you repeat the test with the linkage to the secondary carbs detached? Needle steady and increases at acceleration. How about that bitchin' Howard's Cam sticker? never started. Trick Flow 2.02 Heads Turn the idle mixture screw and watch the vacuum gauge. next step. Need help with 440-3 cutting out on heavy acceleration. It has horrible acceleration until 2nd gear @ If you have oil in you intake I will bet you you have a leak in you intake manifold, if tha leak is a major one that will also cause your vaccum readings to be all over the place. You should never scrimp on your vacuum gauge. Can't say. On a 383 I'm surprised you have that much vacuum Really - I thought where I am currently at is way low. When I was a kid, my father and BJ taught me how to adjust a new or rebuilt carburetor by watching and listening to the engine. If the gauge is bunching back a forth the valves may be not seating do to past zero lash. we change to the 750 DP that came on the engine. EZ EFI 2.0. VP 5.7GSI wont start - good fuel pressure, good ecm, wiring - Page 53, Vac Visual: Quick Guide to Vacuum Gauge Readings - OnAllCylinders, Vac Visual: Quick Guide to Vacuum Gauge Readings | MEP Precision Racing, Can Low Compression Cause a Lean Engine Condition Like This?

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vacuum gauge readings with big cam

vacuum gauge readings with big cam

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